Fish oil scientific update |
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Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 May 15;
Thorsdottir I, Tomasson H, Gunnarsdottir I, Gisladottir E, Kiely M, Parra MD, Bandarra NM, Schaafsma G, Martinez JA.
1Unit for Nutrition Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content.
The present study was to investigate the effect of seafood and fish oils on weight loss in young overweight adults. The study resulted in young, overweight men, the inclusion of either lean or fatty fish, or fish oil as part of an energy-restricted diet resulted in approximately 1 kg more weight loss after 4 weeks, than did a similar diet without seafood or supplement of marine origin.
Objective:To investigate the effect of including seafood and fish oils, as part of an energy-restricted diet, on weight loss in young overweight
adults.Design:Randomized controlled trial of energy-restricted diet varying in fish and fish oil content was followed for 8 weeks. Subjects were randomized
to one of four groups: (1) control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood); (2) lean fish (3 x 150 g portions of cod/week); (3) fatty fish (3 x 150 g portions
of salmon/week); (4) fish oil (DHA/EPA capsules, no seafood). The macronutrient composition of the diets was similar between the groups and the capsule
groups, were single-blinded.Subjects:A total of 324 men and women aged 20-40 years, BMI 27.5-32.5 kg/m(2) from Iceland, Spain and
Ireland.Measurements:Anthropometric data were collected at baseline, midpoint and endpoint. Confounding factors were accounted for, with linear models, for
repeated measures with two-way interactions. The most important interactions for weight loss were (diet x energy intake), (gender x diet) and (gender x
initial-weight).Results:An average man in the study (95 kg at baseline receiving 1600 kcal/day) was estimated to lose 3.55 kg (95% CI, 3.14-3.97) (1); 4.35
kg (95% CI, 3.94-4.75) (2); 4.50 kg (95% CI, 4.13-4.87) (3) and 4.96 kg (95% CI, 4.53-5.40) on diet (4) in 4 weeks, from baseline to midpoint. The
weight-loss from midpoint to endpoint was 0.45 (0.41-0.49) times the observed weight loss from baseline to midpoint. The diets did not differ in their effect
on weight loss in women. Changes in measures of body composition were in line with changes in body weight.Conclusion:In young, overweight men, the inclusion
of either lean or fatty fish, or fish oil as part of an energy-restricted diet resulted in approximately 1 kg more weight loss after 4 weeks, than did a
similar diet without seafood or supplement of marine origin. The addition of seafood to a nutritionally balanced energy-restricted diet may boost weight
loss.International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 15 May 2007; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803643.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Mar;456:233-7.
Pritchett JW.
Statins and dietary fish oils improve lipid composition in bone marrow and joints.
There is a limited information is available about efforts to alter the lipide content of musculoskeletal tissues. This study reveals the ability to change the amount and character of bone and joint lipids may have major importance for strengthening bone, reducing the severity or preventing osteonecrosis, and enhancing joint lubrication.
There have been numerous efforts to alter the lipid content of cardiovascular tissues. Although equally important, only limited information is available
about musculoskeletal tissues. I characterized joint and bone marrow lipids in patients having joint replacement surgery and explored the effects of fish
oils and statins on lipid composition in bone marrow and joint fluid. Joint drainage catheters were used to collect marrow lipids from 84 patients having 128
hip and knee replacements for osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, and femoral neck fractures (osteoporosis). Statins reduced the amount of lipid by 22% in
patients with osteoporosis, 26% in patients with osteoarthritis, and 41% in patients with osteonecrosis compared with pretreatment lipid levels in the same
patients. Taking fish oils reduced the amount of lipid in bone marrow by 20%. Lipid profiles of disturbed marrow and joint fluid from patients who took
statins or dietary fish oil showed an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and longer-chain fatty acids relative to pretreatment profiles.
The ability to change the amount and character of bone and joint lipids may have major importance for strengthening bone, reducing the severity or preventing
osteonecrosis, and enhancing joint lubrication.Level of Evidence: Level I, prognostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of
levels of evidence.
Am J Med Sci. 2007 Mar;333(3):168-72.
Aligeti VR, Gandhi M, Braden R, Rezk A, Elam MB.
Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center-Memphis, USA.
Effect of combination lipid-modifying therapy on the triglyceride lowering effect of fish oil.
The present study is to determine the efficacy of fish-oil supplements when coadministered with other lipid-modifying agents. In this, fish oil effectively reduces plasma triglyceride levels when administered with concomitant lipid medications and suggest the presence of additional and even complementary mechanisms of action of fish oil to lower triglyceride when added to other lipid drugs.
BACKGROUND: Marine fish oil supplements are frequently administered with other lipid medications for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. The efficacy of fish
oil may be reduced in the presence of other lipid agents, particularly fibrates that also act as PPARalpha agonists. We therefore sought to determine the
efficacy of fish-oil supplements when coadministered with other lipid-modifying agents. METHODS: Patients receiving fish oil supplements were identified from
the computer database of a large governmental HMO. Change in plasma lipoprotein levels after administration of fish oil was compared between patients
receiving fish oil as their only treatment and those for whom fish oil was added to other drugs. RESULTS: A total of 166 evaluable records were identified,
66 from patients treated with fish oil alone and 100 from patients for whom fish oil was added to another agent or other agents. Fish oil effectively reduced
triglyceride levels to an equal extent in the fish oil only and fish oil added groups (-30% versus -27% respectively; P = 0.84). CONCLUSION: Fish oil
effectively reduces plasma triglyceride levels when administered with concomitant lipid medications. These findings suggest the presence of additional and
even complementary mechanisms of action of fish oil to lower triglyceride when added to other lipid drugs. These findings validate the common clinical
practice of combining fish oil supplements with other lipid-lowering medications in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 May;85(5):1392-400.
Krauss-Etschmann S, Shadid R, Campoy C, Hoster E, Demmelmair H, Jimenez M, Gil A, Rivero M, Veszpremi B, Decsi T, Koletzko BV.
Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Immune Regulation and Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
Effects of fish-oil and folate supplementation of pregnant women on maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid: a European randomized multicenter trial.
This study is to assess whether fish-oil (FO) supplementation with or without folate from gestation week 22 to birth improves maternal and fetal n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) status. The resulted that FO improves fetal n-3 LC-PUFA status and attenuates depletion of maternal stores.
Background: Pregnant women usually meet their increased energy needs but do not always meet their increased micronutrient requirements. The supply of both
folic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been related to positive pregnancy and infant outcomes. Objective: We aimed to assess whether fish-oil (FO)
supplementation with or without folate from gestation week 22 to birth improves maternal and fetal n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA)
status. Design: We conducted a multicenter (Germany, Hungary, and Spain), randomized, double-blind, 2 x 2 factorial, placebo-controlled trial. From gestation
week 22 until delivery, 311 pregnant women received daily a preparation with FO [0.5 g DHA and 0.15 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)], 400 mug
methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF), FO with MTHF, or placebo. Outcome measures included maternal and cord plasma DHA and EPA contents at gestation weeks 20
and 30 and at delivery, indicators of pregnancy outcome, and fetal development. Results: FO significantly (P < 0.001) increased maternal DHA and EPA (% by
wt), as shown by 3-factor repeated-measures ANOVA (ie, MTHF, FO, and time) with adjustment for maternal baseline DHA and EPA. In addition, FO significantly
(P < 0.001) increased cord blood DHA (% by wt; 2-factor ANOVA). MTHF was significantly (P = 0.046) associated with increased maternal DHA (% by wt). There
was no FO x MTHF interaction for the time course of DHA or EPA (P = 0.927 and 0.893). Pregnancy outcomes and fetal development did not differ significantly
among the intervention groups. Conclusions: FO supplementation from gestation week 22 until delivery improves fetal n-3 LC-PUFA status and attenuates
depletion of maternal stores. MTHF may further enhance maternal n-3 LC-PUFA proportions.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 May;85(5):1222-8.
Metcalf RG, James MJ, Gibson RA, Edwards JR, Stubberfield J, Stuklis R, Roberts-Thomson K, Young GD, Cleland LG.
Rheumatology Unit and the School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans.
The study was to examine the kinetics of incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into human myocardial membrane phospholipids during supplementation with fish oil and alpha-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil. The results of the present study show that dietary n-3 fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into human myocardial phospholipids at the expense of arachidonic acid during high-dose fish-oil supplementation.*
BACKGROUND: Increased fish or fish-oil consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiac mortality, especially sudden death. This benefit putatively
arises from the incorporation of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into cardiomyocyte phospholipids.
OBJECTIVE: The study examined the kinetics of incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into human myocardial membrane phospholipids during supplementation with fish
oil and alpha-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil. DESIGN: Patients with low self-reported fish intake (<1 fish meal/wk and no oil supplements) accepted for
elective cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 groups: no supplement; fish oil (6 g EPA+DHA/d) for either 7, 14,
or 21 d before surgery; flaxseed oil; or olive oil (both 10 mL/d for 21 d before surgery). Right atrial appendage tissue removed during surgery and blood
collected at enrollment and before surgery were analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids. RESULTS: Surgery rescheduling resulted in a range of treatment times
from 7 to 118 d. In the fish-oil-treated subjects, accumulation of EPA and DHA in the right atrium was curvilinear with time and reached a maximum at
approximately 30 d of treatment and displaced mainly arachidonic acid. Flaxseed oil supplementation yielded a small increase in atrial EPA but not DHA,
whereas olive oil did not significantly change atrial n-3 fatty acids. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that dietary n-3 fatty acids are
rapidly incorporated into human myocardial phospholipids at the expense of arachidonic acid during high-dose fish-oil supplementation.
J Burn Care Res. 2006 September/October;27(5):694-702.
Wibbenmeyer LA,
From the *Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City,
Effect of a Fish Oil and Arginine-Fortified Diet in Thermally Injured Patients.
The present study was to determine what effect a diet fortified with fish oil and arginine (FAD) would have on wound healing in a thermally injured population. For this twenty-three thermally injured patients were enrolled in this study and it resulted a high intensity of wound healing.
Burn injury induces a hypercatabolic inflammatory state, predisposing burn patients to
malnutrition, poor wound healing, and infectious complications. We conducted this study to
determine what effect a diet fortified with fish oil and arginine (FAD) would have on wound
healing in a thermally injured population. Twenty-three thermally injured patients were
enrolled in this randomized double blind enteral feeding study from July 2002 to August 2004.
All study patients received isonitrogenous enteral intragastric feeding within 48 hours of
admission. Patients were randomized to our standard diet (STD, ProBalance with Promix,
Probalance from Nestle, Glendale, CA; ProMix R.D., Navaco Laboratories, Phoenix, AZ) or a diet
fortified with fish oil and arginine (FAD, Crucial, Nestle Nutrition Glendale, CA) Diets were
advanced as tolerated to meet 100% of estimated needs. The primary endpoint of the study was
time to heal the first donor site. There were no statistical differences between the study
groups with respect to baseline characteristics. Both diets were well tolerated, and there
were no differences in the daily total kilocalories or protein intake per kilogram between the
two diet groups throughout the study. Although nonsignificant, the patients in the FAD group
showed a slightly faster healing time than those in the STD group (10.8 +/- 2.7 days vs 12.3
+/- 5.2 days, respectively). This trend was further accelerated when those with body surface
area burns less than 30% were examined (patients with body surface area burns <30% in the FAD
healed in 9.0 +/- 1.7 vs corresponding patients in the standard group who healed in 12.2 +/-
6.2, P = .63). Patients in the FAD group trended to more infections and more adverse
complications. The adverse complications were predominantly associated with inhalation
injuries. The role of fortified enteral diets in the outcomes of thermally injured patients
deserves further study. Such a future study should be conducted in a multicenter trial and
involve inhalation injury stratification systems to accurately score and randomize patients
for inhalation injury. Finally, the frequency and pattern of infections in patients receiving
fortified enteral diets deserves further evaluation.
Laeknabladid. 2001 Sep;87(9):715-718.
Thornorisdottir A, Sigurethsson JR, Erlendsdottir H, Einarsson I, Guethmundsson S, Gunnarson
Childrens Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
[The effect of dietary fish oil on bacterial growth in vivo.][Article in Icelandic]
In the present study scientists investigated the effect of dietary fish oil on bacterial growth in vivo. For this mice with the bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia were selected and studied and concluded that fish oil does not significantly affect bacterial growth in vivo.
Objective: Epidemiological studies have indicated that high intake of w-3 fatty acids
influence various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune disorders. These
fatty acids are essential in the diet since the body can not form them de novo. Fish oil is
rich in w-3 fatty acids but the w-3 content of vegetable oil is low. The research group has
shown increased survival of mice fed cod liver oil enriched diet versus mice fed corn oil
enriched diet when infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae intramuscularly. In the present study
we investigated the effect of dietary fish oil on bacterial growth in vivo. Material and
methods: Mice were fed fish oil enriched diet and a control group was fed corn oil enriched
diet for six weeks and then the mice were infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae intramuscularly.
The mice were sacrificed at various time intervals and bacteria were counted in blood and in
the infected muscle. Results: The bacteria count in blood and tissue was not significantly
different between the two groups although a trend was noted towards more growth in the control
group. Conclusions: We conclude that fish oil does not significantly affect bacterial growth
in vivo. Hopefully, future research will reveal the pathophysiological effect of fish oil.
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Drug category:Antioxidants and Vitamines
 Fish oil scientific update
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